Anatomical Videos
Acknowledgment
The authors sincerely thank those who donated their bodies to science so that anatomical research could be performed. Results from such research can potentially increase mankind’s overall knowledge that can then improve patient care. Therefore, these donors and their families deserve our highest gratitude. The authors state that every effort was made to follow all local and international ethical guidelines and laws that pertain to the use of human cadaveric donors in anatomical research (Iwanaga et al. 2021; 2022).
left brachial plexus and proximal branches
Courtesy of
Dr. Joe Iwanaga and Dr. R. Shane Tubbs
Lumbar Plexus
submandibular Dissection
Courtesy of Dr. Joe Iwanaga
chiari decompression
Courtesy of Dr. R. Shane Tubbs
ultrasound of the VOcal cords
Courtesy of Dr. Mi-Sun Hur
Ethical Use of Cadaveric Images in Anatomical Textbooks, Atlases, and Journals: A Consensus Response From Authors and Editors.
Nowadays, consent to use donor bodies for medical education and research is obtained from the body donors and their families before the donation. Recently, the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) published guidelines that could restrict the appearance of cadaveric images in commercial anatomical resources such as textbooks and other educational products. These guidelines state that the donor must expressly consent to using such images for this purpose. Cadaveric photos and drawings made from dissections of cadavers have been used in anatomy textbooks and atlases for hundreds of years. They are invaluable for anatomy students and clinical/surgical practitioners. The IFAA guidelines should not restrict the use of those older books; to do so would infringe the rights of those seeking knowledge from these resources. As the images in such textbooks and atlases are anonymized and are used for teaching and research, and the donors and their families are informed about this before the donation, we believe no additional consent is needed. It is impossible to separate educational from "commercial" usage entirely in any situation, e.g., publications from publishers and the use of cadavers in medical schools. Therefore, our best efforts to avoid unethical use of cadaveric images by following traditional consent processes are still needed so that more people will reap the benefits from them. As senior textbook/atlas authors/editors from over 10 countries, we believe that using cadaveric images in anatomy textbooks is appropriate, and no additional consent should be necessary. Such usage falls within the good faith of professionals using these invaluable gifts.
Iwanaga J, Kim HJ, Akita K, Logan BM, Hutchings RT, Ottone N, Nonaka Y, Anand M, Burns D, Singh V, Peris-Celda M, Martinez-Soriano F, Apaydin N, Hanna A, Yoshioka N, Fernandez-Miranda J, Hur MS, Shoja MM, Saremi F, Reina F, Tabira Y, Carrera A, Spratt JD, Ho SY, Mori S, Komune N, Watanabe K, Prats-Galino A, De Andrés J, Reina MA, Abrahams PH, Anderson RH, Ibaragi S, Loukas M, Tubbs RS. Clin Anat. 2025 Jan 4. doi: 10.1002/ca.24258. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 39754475.